Table Of Content
- Introduction
- Key Features of Modern Living Room Chairs
- Why Modern Living Room Chairs Matter
- Popular Modern Living Room Chair Style
- How to Choose the Right Modern Chair for Your Living Room
- Top Modern Living Room Chair Brands and Designers
- Conclusion
Introduction
A well-designed living room is the heart of any home, offering comfort, style, and a place to unwind. One of the easiest ways to elevate the look and feel of your living room is by selecting the perfect modern chairs. With their sleek designs, high-quality materials, and unparalleled comfort, modern living room chairs can breathe new life into your space. Whether you’re looking for an eye-catching accent piece or a practical seating option for daily use, modern chairs come in various styles to suit every taste. In this guide, we’ll explore the latest trends, key features, and how to choose the right chair to enhance your living room.
Key Features of Modern Living Room Chairs
When selecting a modern living room chair, there are several key features to consider that contribute to its overall comfort, functionality, and aesthetic appeal. These features are what set modern chairs apart from traditional seating options, making them ideal for contemporary living spaces. Here’s a breakdown of the essential features:
1. Comfort and Support
Modern living room chairs are designed with comfort in mind. They often feature ergonomic designs that promote good posture and provide ample support for long hours of sitting. Key elements that contribute to comfort include:
- Cushioned Seating: High-density foam or memory foam cushions offer lasting comfort and support.
- Contoured Backrests: Many modern chairs are designed with curved or angled backrests that follow the natural curve of your spine, ensuring good posture and comfort.
- Armrests: Some modern chairs feature integrated or minimalist armrests that provide support while not compromising on design.
2. Aesthetic Appeal
Modern chairs are all about clean lines, simple forms, and minimalistic design. This aesthetic appeal is central to modern interior design, contributing to a streamlined and sophisticated look. Some key design elements include:
- Sleek Silhouettes: Modern chairs often have sleek, angular lines or soft curves that make them visually striking yet unobtrusive.
- Bold or Neutral Colors: Whether it’s a neutral tone like gray, black, or beige, or a bold statement color like mustard yellow or teal, modern chairs are available in a wide range of colors that complement various interior themes.
- Distinctive Materials: Chairs may incorporate materials such as metal, wood, leather, velvet, or linen, offering both texture and style to the room.
3. Durability and Quality Materials
Modern chairs are crafted from durable materials designed to stand the test of time. The combination of quality construction and materials ensures that these chairs are both functional and long-lasting. Common materials include:
- Solid Wood or Metal Frames: These materials provide stability and ensure longevity. The choice of frame material can also influence the style—wood adds warmth, while metal creates a sleek, industrial feel.
- High-Quality Upholstery: Modern chairs often use premium fabrics such as leather, velvet, linen, or high-performance synthetics that are both durable and comfortable, ensuring they withstand wear and tear while maintaining their visual appeal.
- Low Maintenance Fabrics: Some modern chairs feature stain-resistant or easy-to-clean fabrics, making them more practical, especially in households with kids or pets.
4. Versatility and Flexibility
One of the standout features of modern chairs is their ability to blend seamlessly into various interior styles, offering both functionality and design flexibility:
- Adaptability: Many modern chairs are versatile in that they can fit into small or large spaces and complement a variety of design themes, whether it’s minimalist, mid-century modern, or Scandinavian.
- Modular Design: Some modern seating options, like modular lounge chairs or sectional chairs, allow for flexible arrangements, making them perfect for different room layouts and configurations.
5. Minimalist Design
Modern chairs are often designed with simplicity in mind. The emphasis is on clean lines, minimal ornamentation, and geometric shapes. Key aspects include:
- Streamlined Shapes: Many modern chairs have a minimalist silhouette, often with straight edges, slim legs, and a compact profile, which helps them blend into more open, airy spaces.
- Lack of Excess: In keeping with modern design principles, these chairs avoid excessive embellishments or decorative details, focusing instead on functional elegance.
6. Eco-Friendly Options
As sustainability becomes a key concern in design, many modern chairs are crafted from environmentally friendly materials. This can include:
- Sustainable Woods: Chairs made from responsibly sourced timber or bamboo offer eco-friendly alternatives to traditional materials.
- Recycled Materials: Some modern chairs feature upholstery or padding made from recycled fabrics or fibers, making them an excellent option for environmentally conscious consumers.
7. Customization and Personalization
Modern living room chairs often offer customization options to suit your individual preferences. This includes:
- Fabric and Color Choices: Many brands allow you to choose from a variety of upholstery fabrics and colors, letting you tailor the chair to your specific tastes and interior decor.
- Leg Styles: Modern chairs often offer different leg options (e.g., wooden, metal, or even no legs at all) to further personalize the look of the chair.
8. Space-Efficient Designs
In today’s homes, where space is often limited, many modern chairs are designed to be space-efficient. These chairs are crafted to fit into smaller rooms or apartments without overwhelming the space. Features that contribute to space efficiency include:
- Compact Size: Modern chairs are often smaller or more compact, making them ideal for tight spaces without sacrificing comfort.
- Stackability or Folding: Some designs, like modern accent chairs or lounge chairs, can be easily stacked or folded for storage when not in use, making them an excellent choice for multifunctional spaces.
Why Modern Living Room Chairs Matter
Modern living room chairs are more than just functional furniture; they are essential design elements that can transform the look and feel of your living space. In today’s home design, chairs have evolved beyond their basic purpose of providing seating; they are now stylish statement pieces that enhance the overall ambiance of the room. Here’s why modern living room chairs matter:
- Aesthetic Appeal
Modern chairs are designed to complement contemporary interior styles, featuring sleek lines, innovative materials, and unique forms. They add a touch of sophistication and style to any living room, helping to create an inviting and visually appealing environment. Whether it’s a bold accent chair or a minimalist piece, these chairs often become the focal point of the room’s decor, tying together the theme and color palette. - Comfort and Functionality
While style is essential, modern chairs are also crafted for comfort. With ergonomic designs, they are built to support the body and promote relaxation. From high-back lounge chairs to cushioned armchairs, modern seating options cater to the needs of those looking for both beauty and comfort. A comfortable chair invites you to unwind, making it a key piece in creating a functional living room. - Versatility and Flexibility
Modern living room chairs come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and styles, making them incredibly versatile. Whether your space is large or small, modern chairs can fit seamlessly into your room’s layout. They can be used in different configurations, offering flexibility in how you arrange your furniture to optimize space, functionality, and design. - Durability and Quality
Today’s modern chairs are made from high-quality materials such as wood, metal, and premium fabrics, ensuring long-lasting durability. Investing in a modern chair often means you’re getting a piece that will last for many years, standing up to daily wear and tear while maintaining its aesthetic appeal. - Expressing Personal Style
Your choice of chair can reflect your personal taste and lifestyle. Modern designs offer a wide array of styles, from minimalist and Scandinavian to mid-century modern or even bold, avant-garde pieces. The chair you select can express your unique personality and tie together your living room’s aesthetic, creating a space that feels both personal and inviting.
Popular Modern Living Room Chair Styles
Modern living room chairs come in various styles, each offering its unique flair to enhance the aesthetic of your home. From mid-century modern to minimalist designs, the range of options allows for personalization and creativity. Here are some of the most popular modern living room chair styles:
1. Mid-Century Modern Chairs
Mid-century modern chairs are perhaps the most iconic and recognizable modern chair style. These chairs are known for their clean lines, functional design, and timeless appeal. Common characteristics include:
- Wooden Legs: Often made of teak or walnut, mid-century chairs feature angled wooden legs that provide a sturdy yet elegant base.
- Curved, Upholstered Seats: The seat cushions are typically plush but with a minimalist design, often using fabric or leather.
- Bold Yet Simple Designs: The overall design is sleek, combining form and function in a way that remains relevant in modern interiors.
Why Choose Mid-Century Modern? This style is perfect for creating a retro-chic vibe or combining vintage elements with contemporary design. The versatility of mid-century modern chairs makes them a great fit for various home settings, from living rooms to home offices.
2. Scandinavian Chairs
Scandinavian design, with its focus on simplicity, functionality, and natural materials, has become one of the most beloved modern chair styles. Features of Scandinavian chairs include:
- Light Wood Frames: Often made from birch, oak, or other light woods, these chairs have natural wooden frames that give the space a warm, airy feel.
- Neutral Colors: Scandinavian chairs typically come in neutral tones like white, gray, and beige, often complemented by soft, natural fabrics like linen or wool.
- Simple, Clean Lines: The design emphasizes functionality with minimal embellishments, making it ideal for those who prefer subtle elegance.
Why Choose Scandinavian? If you’re looking to create a serene, cozy, and clutter-free environment, Scandinavian chairs are perfect for your living room. They work well in smaller spaces due to their light and airy design, bringing a sense of calm to the room.
3. Minimalist Designs
Minimalism is all about less is more, and minimalist chairs focus on simple, clean lines and geometric shapes. This style typically features:
- Neutral or Monochromatic Palettes: Minimalist chairs often come in solid, neutral colors like black, white, gray, or beige to blend seamlessly with the rest of the room.
- Sleek and Simple Shapes: The focus is on sleek forms, avoiding intricate designs or excessive ornamentation. The shape of the chair is often geometric, with sharp edges or simple curves.
- Functional Yet Aesthetic: Every part of the chair serves a purpose, from its form to its materials, ensuring it is both stylish and useful.
Why Choose Minimalist? Minimalist chairs are perfect for anyone who prefers a clean, uncluttered living space. Their subtle design ensures they blend into a wide range of decor styles and allow the rest of the room’s decor to shine.
4. Lounge and Accent Chairs
Lounge chairs and accent chairs are designed for ultimate relaxation, offering comfort and a design statement. These chairs are typically larger and have softer, more inviting seating areas. Common features include:
- Plush Cushions: These chairs are designed for comfort, with large, deep cushions or soft upholstery that encourage relaxation.
- Unique Shapes: Lounge chairs often have a distinctive design, from modern wingbacks to circular or barrel-shaped chairs.
- Statement Pieces: Accent chairs are often used to add a pop of color, texture, or pattern to the living room. They stand out with bold hues, unique patterns, or a striking design.
Why Choose Lounge and Accent Chairs? If you want to make a bold statement while adding comfort to your space, lounge and accent chairs are perfect. They create focal points in your living room and provide a cozy space to unwind.
5. Club Chairs
Club chairs, often associated with traditional British or French design, have been given a modern twist in recent years. These chairs are designed to offer luxurious comfort and typically feature:
- Wide, Deep Seats: Club chairs are built for comfort, with deep, wide cushions that make them perfect for lounging.
- Leather Upholstery: Traditionally, these chairs were upholstered in leather, but modern versions may feature other materials such as velvet or fabric.
- Low, Rounded Backrests: The backrest of a club chair is usually low and rounded, offering a cozy, enveloping feel.
Why Choose Club Chairs? Club chairs are perfect for anyone looking for a sophisticated, cozy, and timeless piece for their living room. They pair well with a traditional, eclectic, or even industrial interior, providing both style and comfort.
6. Industrial Style Chairs
Industrial-style chairs are inspired by the raw, unfinished look of warehouses and factories, bringing a rugged charm to modern living rooms. Key features include:
- Metal Frames: These chairs typically feature sturdy metal frames, often with exposed welds or finishes that give them a vintage, industrial feel.
- Leather or Fabric Upholstery: Upholstery is often durable and comes in muted tones or natural textures like leather, linen, or burlap.
- Utility-Inspired Design: The design often incorporates functional elements such as visible screws, bolts, and minimal detailing.
Why Choose Industrial Style? Industrial chairs are perfect for those who appreciate a blend of rustic charm and modern functionality. They add an edgy, urban feel to any space, making them ideal for lofts, apartments, or homes with an industrial or eclectic design.
7. Accent/Armless Chairs
Armless chairs offer a more open, airy feel in comparison to traditional armchairs. Features include:
- Simple, Clean Lines: With no arms, these chairs often have more streamlined, minimalist designs.
- Versatile and Compact: Armless chairs are often more compact, making them ideal for smaller spaces or when you want to create a less cluttered look.
- Flexibility: Without armrests, these chairs offer greater flexibility and comfort when it comes to movement and positioning.
Why Choose Armless Chairs? Armless chairs are great for those seeking a minimalist or contemporary design that is practical yet stylish. They work especially well in tight spaces or rooms that require seating with a lighter visual footprint.
8. Swivel Chairs
Swivel chairs combine modern comfort with functionality. These chairs typically feature:
- 360-Degree Rotation: Swivel chairs allow you to easily turn from one direction to another, making them highly functional for a variety of activities.
- Sleek, Contemporary Design: Many modern swivel chairs have a minimalist, modern look with upholstered seats, metal bases, or even wooden legs for a contemporary touch.
- Versatility: They are perfect for rooms where you need flexibility in movement, such as home offices or multifunctional spaces.
Why Choose Swivel Chairs? Swivel chairs are ideal for those looking for comfort and practicality. They add an element of fun to your space while being highly functional, especially for living rooms with open layouts or spaces meant for multi-use.
How to Choose the Right Modern Chair for Your Living Room
Choosing the perfect modern chair for your living room involves considering both aesthetic and functional factors. The right chair can transform the look of your space while providing the comfort and support you need. Here’s a guide to help you make an informed decision:
1. Room Size and Layout Considerations
The size of your room plays a significant role in determining which chair will fit best in your space. Here’s what to think about:
- Smaller Rooms: For smaller living rooms, opt for compact, minimalist designs or armless chairs to avoid overwhelming the space. Choose chairs with sleek lines and neutral colors that blend seamlessly into the environment.
- Larger Rooms: In larger spaces, you can go for oversized chairs or a combination of different seating options. You may also want to experiment with accent chairs or lounge chairs to create a statement while still maintaining comfort and functionality.
- Layout: Consider how the chair will fit within the layout of the room. Will it face the TV, be part of a conversation area, or stand alone as an accent piece? Make sure it complements your existing furniture arrangement and allows for smooth flow throughout the room.
2. Matching Chair with Your Living Room Theme
Your chair should complement the overall design and theme of your living room. Here’s how to match it with your decor:
- Mid-Century Modern: If your living room features a mid-century modern theme, look for chairs with wooden legs, clean lines, and simple upholstery. Popular options include Eames-inspired lounge chairs or armless accent chairs with bold colors.
- Scandinavian: For a Scandinavian vibe, choose chairs with light wood frames, neutral fabrics, and minimalist designs. Opt for chairs with simple shapes that emphasize functionality and a clean, airy feel.
- Industrial or Eclectic: If your space has an industrial or eclectic feel, consider chairs with metal frames, exposed legs, or leather upholstery. This style adds an urban, rugged touch to your space.
- Traditional or Transitional: For more classic or transitional rooms, opt for chairs that have more ornate details, such as rolled arms or tufted upholstery, while still maintaining a modern look with updated fabrics and materials.
3. Comfort and Support
While modern chairs are known for their style, they also need to be comfortable. When choosing a chair, consider:
- Seat Depth and Cushions: Chairs with deeper seats and well-padded cushions are ideal for relaxation. If you plan on spending long hours in the chair, ensure it has comfortable cushioning, such as memory foam or high-density padding.
- Back Support: A chair with a supportive backrest is essential for long periods of sitting. Look for chairs with curved or contoured backs that promote good posture. Some chairs also come with adjustable features for additional support.
- Armrests: If arm support is important to you, look for chairs that feature comfortable armrests, which add to the overall comfort, especially when reading or lounging.
4. Color and Fabric Options
The color and fabric of your chair should tie in with your existing decor and enhance the overall look of your living room. Consider:
- Color: Neutral tones like gray, beige, or black are versatile and work well with various themes. If you want to add a pop of color, consider chairs in bold hues like mustard, teal, or navy, or even patterned upholstery for an accent piece.
- Fabric: The fabric you choose should align with the level of maintenance you’re willing to commit to. Leather and faux leather are easy to clean but may be less breathable, while fabric options like linen or velvet offer a luxurious feel but may require more upkeep. Also, consider durability—look for fabrics that are durable and stain-resistant, especially if you have kids or pets.
5. Durability and Quality
Investing in a durable chair is essential for long-term use. Look for the following:
- Frame Material: Opt for chairs with sturdy frames made of hardwood, metal, or high-quality composites. A well-constructed frame will ensure the chair lasts for years without losing its form.
- Upholstery: Check the quality of the upholstery material. Premium fabrics like leather, velvet, or high-end synthetics can add durability while keeping the chair looking fresh over time.
- Legs and Support: Ensure that the chair’s legs are solid and well-constructed, particularly if the chair is used frequently. Metal or hardwood legs are generally more durable than plastic ones.
6. Functionality and Versatility
Beyond aesthetics and comfort, consider the functionality and how versatile the chair will be in your space:
- Swivel and Reclining Options: If you want more functionality, consider swivel or reclining chairs. Swivel chairs allow for easy movement and can be ideal for a multifunctional living room, while reclining chairs add extra comfort for lounging.
- Space-Saving Designs: If you have limited space, consider armless chairs or those with a smaller footprint. Modular seating arrangements can also be a great option if you want to configure seating in a way that maximizes space.
7. Budget Considerations
Modern chairs come in a wide range of prices, so it’s important to set a budget that aligns with your needs and preferences:
- High-End: If you’re looking for high-end designer chairs with premium materials, expect to pay a premium. Brands like Herman Miller, Knoll, and Restoration Hardware offer top-tier modern chairs that are built to last.
- Mid-Range: Many affordable yet stylish options are available from retailers like West Elm, Crate & Barrel, and CB2. These chairs offer a good balance of quality, design, and price.
- Budget-Friendly: For a more affordable option, consider mass-market retailers like IKEA, Wayfair, or Target, which offer modern chairs that are stylish and practical but at a lower price point.
8. Test It Out
If possible, visit a showroom or store to test out the chair before purchasing. Sit in it for a while to assess comfort, stability, and size. Pay attention to how the chair feels when you sit down, how it supports your body, and whether you can easily get in and out of it.
Top Modern Living Room Chair Brands and Designers
When it comes to investing in modern living room chairs, several brands and designers stand out for their quality, craftsmanship, and innovative designs. These companies have earned a reputation for producing stylish, comfortable, and durable seating options that can elevate the look of any living room. Below are some of the top modern living room chair brands and designers:
1. Herman Miller
Brand Overview:
Herman Miller is renowned for its iconic and timeless modern furniture pieces, especially in the office furniture realm, but its home collection is equally impressive. Known for combining ergonomic design with aesthetic appeal, Herman Miller has produced some of the most beloved modern chairs, including the Eames Lounge Chair.
Notable Chairs:
- Eames Lounge Chair & Ottoman: A mid-century modern classic, it’s known for its luxurious leather upholstery and molded plywood structure.
- Aeron Chair: Though originally designed as an office chair, its ergonomic design and stylish look have made it a favorite in modern home settings.
Why Choose Herman Miller?
If you’re looking for high-quality, designer chairs that are both functional and stylish, Herman Miller is a go-to brand. Their pieces are durable, built to last, and serve as timeless additions to any modern living room.
2. Knoll
Brand Overview:
Knoll is another iconic brand that has long been associated with modern and contemporary furniture design. With a strong history of collaborating with leading designers, Knoll chairs are known for their innovation, quality, and timeless appeal.
Notable Chairs:
- Barcelona Chair by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: A symbol of mid-century modern design, this chair is elegant, with its leather cushions and sleek steel frame.
- Wassily Chair by Marcel Breuer: Another design classic, featuring a minimalist, tubular steel frame with leather straps.
Why Choose Knoll?
Knoll is an excellent choice if you want to invest in high-end, designer chairs that carry historical significance and are known for their architectural and minimalist beauty. Their pieces can transform any space into a sophisticated, modern living area.
3. Vitra
Brand Overview:
Vitra is a Swiss company that has been a leader in modern design and innovation for decades. They offer a broad range of modern furniture, including chairs that are ergonomic, sustainable, and aesthetically stunning.
Notable Chairs:
- Eames Plastic Armchair: A more affordable, versatile version of the classic Eames Lounge Chair with clean lines and simple elegance.
- Panton Chair by Verner Panton: A striking, sculptural chair that’s famous for its curvy, fluid shape and vibrant color options.
Why Choose Vitra?
Vitra’s emphasis on design innovation, quality, and long-lasting materials makes them a great choice for modern living room chairs. The brand’s collaborations with renowned designers ensure that their pieces are both beautiful and functional.
4. West Elm
Brand Overview:
West Elm offers stylish modern furniture at more accessible price points, making it a great option for those seeking high-quality, contemporary chairs without the hefty price tag. Their products often feature clean lines, sustainable materials, and versatile styles that complement a variety of home aesthetics.
Notable Chairs:
- Lenny Chair: A clean, mid-century inspired lounge chair with sleek wooden legs and soft, upholstered seating.
- Harrison Leather Chair: A luxurious, tufted leather chair that combines comfort with modern design.
Why Choose West Elm?
West Elm provides modern chairs that blend effortlessly into various living room designs. The brand also emphasizes sustainability, making it an excellent option for eco-conscious buyers. Their affordable pricing and frequent collaborations with designers make them an attractive option for modern living rooms.
5. CB2
Brand Overview:
CB2, a subsidiary of Crate & Barrel, offers a modern and trendy selection of furniture with an urban and chic appeal. Their chairs and seating options range from minimalist designs to bold, statement-making pieces, often at more accessible prices than high-end designer brands.
Notable Chairs:
- Atwood Chair: A sleek and stylish lounge chair with a sculptural frame and soft upholstery, perfect for modern living spaces.
- Tuxedo Chair: A modern take on the classic tuxedo sofa style, this chair is simple yet elegant with clean lines and neutral fabric.
Why Choose CB2?
If you want contemporary, stylish chairs at a mid-range price, CB2 is a great option. The brand offers a wide range of trendy designs that can make a bold statement in your living room without breaking the bank.
6. Article
Brand Overview:
Article is a direct-to-consumer brand that has revolutionized the modern furniture industry by offering stylish, quality furniture at affordable prices. They focus on clean, minimalist designs and high-quality craftsmanship, making their chairs perfect for modern spaces.
Notable Chairs:
- Sven Chair: A sleek, Scandinavian-inspired lounge chair with soft cushions, wooden legs, and modern elegance.
- Ceni Chair: A simple and elegant chair that fits well in any modern living room, offering both comfort and style.
Why Choose Article?
Article provides modern furniture at an excellent value, with quality materials and stylish designs that fit a variety of home decor styles. Their direct-to-consumer model allows them to keep prices competitive while offering fast delivery.
7. Muuto
Brand Overview:
Muuto is a Scandinavian brand that is known for creating contemporary furniture that reflects the essence of Nordic design. Their pieces are modern, functional, and often feature innovative materials and designs.
Notable Chairs:
- Fiber Chair by Iskos-Berlin: A beautifully minimalist chair made from sustainable materials, combining comfort with environmental consciousness.
- Visu Chair by Mika Tolvanen: A modern, sculptural chair that emphasizes simplicity, clean lines, and comfort.
Why Choose Muuto?
If you’re a fan of Scandinavian design and are looking for sustainable, functional, and aesthetically beautiful chairs, Muuto is a great choice. Their innovative use of materials and emphasis on clean, minimalist designs make their chairs ideal for modern living spaces.
8. Arper
Brand Overview:
Arper is an Italian brand known for its elegant, modern designs that combine beauty with functionality. They focus on creating furniture that promotes comfort while maintaining sophisticated design aesthetics.
Notable Chairs:
- Catifa 46: A stylish, ergonomic chair with a sleek, modern design that’s perfect for a minimalist living room.
- Moo: A modern lounge chair that offers a comfortable and inviting seating experience with a unique, soft design.
Why Choose Arper?
Arper is an excellent choice for those who want modern, functional, and high-quality furniture. The brand’s emphasis on design innovation and comfort makes it a top pick for those seeking stylish yet practical seating options.
9. Design Within Reach (DWR)
Brand Overview:
Design Within Reach offers a curated collection of high-end modern furniture, including some of the most iconic design pieces. Known for its collaboration with top designers, DWR is a go-to for those seeking premium, timeless modern chairs.
Notable Chairs:
- Eames Lounge Chair: One of the most famous modern chairs in the world, offering luxury, comfort, and style.
- Cherner Chair: A beautiful wood chair that combines organic forms with modern elegance.
Why Choose Design Within Reach?
If you’re looking for authentic, designer furniture that is both timeless and cutting-edge, DWR offers exceptional pieces. The quality, craftsmanship, and iconic designs available at DWR make it a premium choice for those who appreciate modern furniture design.
Conclusion
Modern living room chairs are an excellent way to infuse style, comfort, and personality into your home. Whether you’re drawn to bold mid-century designs or prefer minimalist chic, there’s a perfect chair out there to fit your space. By considering factors like comfort, materials, and room design, you can make an informed choice that not only complements your décor but also enhances your living experience. With the right chair, your living room can become both a functional and beautiful retreat.
